Introduction

The Indian Constitution, which came into effect on January 26, 1950, is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government institutions, and sets out the fundamental rights, directive principles, and responsibilities of citizens. Article 81 of the Indian Constitution specifically deals with the composition of the House of the People, also known as the Lok Sabha.

Background

Before diving into the details of Article 81, it is important to understand the significance of the House of the People in the Indian parliamentary system. The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India and is considered the representative body of the people. It plays a crucial role in the legislative process, including lawmaking, budget approval, and oversight of the executive branch.

Article 81: Composition of the House of the People

Article 81 of the Indian Constitution outlines the composition of the House of the People. Let's examine the key provisions of this article:

1. Maximum strength of the Lok Sabha

According to Article 81(1), the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552 members. Out of these, 530 members represent the states, while 20 members represent the Union territories. The President of India has the power to nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he/she feels that the community is not adequately represented in the House.

2. Allocation of seats

Article 81(2) deals with the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to the states and Union territories. The allocation is based on the population of each state and Union territory, as determined by the latest census. The Constitution empowers the President to appoint a Delimitation Commission to readjust the allocation of seats after each census.

3. Reservation of seats

Article 81(3) provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha. The number of seats reserved for SCs and STs is determined by the President, in consultation with the Governor of each state. This provision ensures representation and empowerment of marginalized communities in the legislative process.

4. Duration of Lok Sabha

Article 81(4) states that the Lok Sabha holds office for a term of five years from the date of its first meeting, unless dissolved earlier. However, in a situation of emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha can be extended for a period not exceeding one year at a time, with the approval of Parliament.

5. Qualifications and disqualifications for membership

Article 81(5) lays down the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of the Lok Sabha. To be eligible for membership, a person must be a citizen of India, at least 25 years of age, and not hold any office of profit under the government. The Constitution also specifies various grounds for disqualification, such as conviction for certain offenses, unsoundness of mind, and holding an office of profit.

Conclusion

Article 81 of the Indian Constitution plays a crucial role in defining the composition and functioning of the House of the People. It ensures representation of states, Union territories, and marginalized communities in the Lok Sabha. By providing guidelines for the allocation and reservation of seats, it promotes inclusivity and diversity in the legislative process. Understanding the provisions of Article 81 is essential for anyone interested in comprehending the functioning of the Indian parliamentary system and the role of the Lok Sabha.