PART II

Citizenship

ARTICLES 5 TO 11

• Article 5: Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution

• Article 6: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan

• Article 7: Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan

• Article 8: Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India

PART III

Fundamental Rights

ARTICLES 12 TO 35

• General

  • Article 12: Definitions

  • Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

  Right to Equality

  • Article 14: Equality before law

  • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

  • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

  • Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability

  • Article 18: Abolition of titles

  Right to Freedom

  • Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of Speech, etc.

  • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences

  • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty

  • Article 21A: Right to education

  • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

  Right against Exploitation

  • Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

  • Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

  Right to Freedom of Religion

  • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion

  • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs

  • Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion

  • Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions

  Cultural and Educational Rights

  • Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities

  • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

  Right to Property

  • Article 31: Compulsory acquisition of property (Omitted)

  Saving of Certain Laws

  • Article 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.

  • Article 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

  • Article 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles

  • Article 31D: Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities (Omitted)

  Right to Constitutional Remedies

  • Article 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part

  • Article 32A: Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32 (Omitted)

  • Article 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.

  • Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area

  • Article 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part

PART IV

Directive Principles of State Policy

ARTICLES 36 TO 51

• Article 36: Definition

• Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part

• Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people

• Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State

• Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid

• Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats

• Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases

• Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

• Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers

• Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries

• Article 43B: Promotion of co-operative societies

• Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens

• Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years

• Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections

• Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health

• Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry

• Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life

• Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance

• Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive

• Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security

PART IVA

Fundamental Duties

ARTICLE 51A

• Article 51A: Fundamental duties

PART V

The Union

CHAPTER 1 - THE EXECUTIVE

ARTICLES 52 TO 151

• Article 52: The President of India

• Article 53: Executive Power of the Union

• Article 54: Election of President

• Article 55: Manner of election of President

• Article 56: Term of office of President

• Article 57: Eligibility for re-election

• Article 58: Qualifications for election as President

• Article 59: Conditions of President’s office

• Article 60: Oath or affirmation by the President

• Article 61: Procedure for impeachment of the President

• Article 62: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy

• Article 63: The Vice-President of India

• Article 64: The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States

• Article 65: The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President

• Article 66: Election of Vice-President

• Article 67: Term of office of Vice-President

• Article 68: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy

• Article 69: Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President

• Article 70: Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies

• Article 71: Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President

• Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases

• Article 73: Extent of executive power of the Union

• Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

• Article 75: Other provisions as to Ministers

• Article 76: Attorney-General for India

• Article 77: Conduct of business of the Government of India

• Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc

CHAPTER 2 - PARLIAMENT

• Article 79: Constitution of Parliament

• Article 80: Composition of the Council of States

• Article 81: Composition of the House of the People

• Article 82: Readjustment after each census

• Article 83: Duration of Houses of Parliament

• Article 84: Qualification for membership of Parliament

• Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution

• Article 86: Right of President to address and send messages to Houses

• Article 87: Special address by the President

• Article 88: Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses

• Article 89: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States

• Article 90: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman

• Article 91: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman

• Article 92: The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 93: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People

• Article 94: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 95: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker

• Article 96: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 97: Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 98: Secretariat of Parliament

• Article 99: Oath or affirmation by members

• Article 100: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

• Article 101: Vacation of seats

• Article 102: Disqualifications for membership

• Article 103: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

• Article 104: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified

• Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof

• Article 106: Salaries and allowances of members

• Article 107: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

• Article 108: Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

• Article 109: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

• Article 110: Definition of “Money Bills”

• Article 111: Assent to Bills

• Article 112: Annual financial statement

• Article 113: Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates

• Article 114: Appropriation Bills

• Article 115: Supplementary, additional or excess grants

• Article 116: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

• Article 117: Special provisions as to financial Bills

• Article 118: Rules of procedure

• Article 119: Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business

• Article 120: Language to be used in Parliament

• Article 121: Restriction on discussion in Parliament

• Article 122: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

CHAPTER 3 - Legislative Powers of the President

• Article 123: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament

Chapter IV.—The Union Judiciary

• Article 124: Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court

• Article 125: Salaries, etc., of Judges

• Article 126: Appointment of acting Chief Justice

• Article 127: Appointment of ad hoc Judges

• Article 128: Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court

• Article 129: Supreme Court to be a court of record

• Article 130: Seat of Supreme Court

• Article 131: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

• Article 132: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases

• Article 133: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters

• Article 134: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters

• Article 134A: Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court

• Article 135: Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court

• Article 136: Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court

• Article 137: Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court

• Article 138: Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

• Article 139: Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs

• Article 139A: Transfer of certain cases

• Article 140: Ancillary powers of Supreme Court

• Article 141: Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts

• Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.

• Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court

• Article 144: Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court

• Article 145: Rules of Court, etc.

• Article 146: Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court

• Article 147: Interpretation

CHAPTER 5 - Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

• Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

• Article 149: Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General

• Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the States

• Article 151: Audit reports

PART VI

The States

ARTICLES 152 TO 237

Chapter I.—General

• Article 152: Definition

  Chapter II.—The Executive

• Article 153: Governors of States

• Article 154: Executive power of State

• Article 155: Appointment of Governor

• Article 156: Term of office of Governor

• Article 157: Qualifications for appointment as Governor

• Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office

• Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor

• Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies

• Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases

• Article 162: Extent of executive power of State

• Article 163: Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor

• Article 164: Other provisions as to Ministers

• Article 165: Advocate-General for the State

• Article 166: Conduct of business of the Government of a State

• Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

  Chapter III.—The State Legislature

• Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in States

• Article 169: Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States

• Article 170: Composition of the Legislative Assemblies

• Article 171: Composition of the Legislative Councils

• Article 172: Duration of State Legislatures

• Article 173: Qualification for membership of the State Legislature

• Article 174: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution

• Article 175: Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses

• Article 176: Special address by the Governor

• Article 177: Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses

• Article 178: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

• Article 179: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 180: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker

• Article 181: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 182: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council

• Article 183: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman

• Article 184: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman

• Article 185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 186: Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman

• Article 187: Secretariat of State Legislature

• Article 188: Oath or affirmation by members

• Article 189: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

• Article 190: Vacation of seats

• Article 191: Disqualifications for membership

• Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

• Article 193: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified

• Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof

• Article 195: Salaries and allowances of members

• Article 196: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

• Article 197: Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills

• Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

• Article 199: Definition of “Money Bills”

• Article 200: Assent to Bills

• Article 201: Bills reserved for consideration

• Article 202: Annual financial statement

• Article 203: Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates

• Article 204: Appropriation Bills

• Article 205: Supplementary, additional or excess grants

• Article 206: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

• Article 207: Special provisions as to financial Bills

• Article 208: Rules of procedure

• Article 209: Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business

• Article 210: Language to be used in the Legislature

• Article 211: Restriction on discussion in the Legislature

• Article 212: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

  Chapter IV.—Legislative Power of the Governor

  Article 213: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

  Chapter V.—The High Courts in the States

• Article 214: High Courts for States

• Article 215: High Courts to be courts of record

• Article 216: Constitution of High Courts

• Article 217: Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

• Article 218: Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts

• Article 219: Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts

• Article 220: Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge

• Article 221: Salaries, etc., of Judges

• Article 222: Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another

• Article 223: Appointment of acting Chief Justice

• Article 224: Appointment of additional and acting Judges

• Article 224A: Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts

• Article 225: Jurisdiction of existing High Courts

• Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

• Article 227: Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court

• Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court

• Article 229: Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts

• Article 230: Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories

• Article 231: Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

Chapter VI.—Subordinate Courts

• Article 233: Appointment of district judges

• Article 233A: Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges

• Article 234: Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service

• Article 235: Control over subordinate courts

• Article 236: Interpretation

• Article 237: Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates