Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950, marking the country's transition to a republic. The Constitution is a comprehensive document that sets out the framework and principles of governance in India. It establishes the structure and powers of the government, delineates the fundamental rights and duties of citizens, and safeguards the democratic values and principles on which the nation is built. It also provides for a system of checks and balances, ensuring a separation of powers among the three branches of government. The Indian Constitution is known for its resilience and adaptability, having been amended several times to reflect changing social, political, and economic realities. It is a testament to the democratic spirit and aspirations of the Indian people.

Preamble

• A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document’s philosophy and objectives.

• In a Constitution, it presents the intention of its framers, the history behind its creation, and the core values and principles of the nation.

• The preamble basically gives idea of the following things/objects:
  

  • Source of the Constitution

  • Nature of Indian State

  • Statement of its objectives

  • Date of its adoption

PART I

The Union and its Territory

ARTICLES 1 TO 4

• Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union

• Article 2: Admission or establishment of new States

• Article 3: Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States

• Article 4: Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters

PART II

Citizenship

ARTICLES 5 TO 11

• Article 5: Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution

• Article 6: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan

• Article 7: Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan

• Article 8: Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India

PART III

Fundamental Rights

ARTICLES 12 TO 35

• Article 12: Definitions

  • Article 13: Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

  Right to Equality

  • Article 14: Equality before law

  • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

  • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

  • Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability

  • Article 18: Abolition of titles

  Right to Freedom

  • Article 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of Speech, etc.

  • Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences

  • Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty

  • Article 21A: Right to education

  • Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

  Right against Exploitation

  • Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

  • Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

  Right to Freedom of Religion

  • Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion

  • Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs

  • Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion

  • Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions

  Cultural and Educational Rights

  • Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities

  • Article 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

  Right to Property

  • Article 31: Compulsory acquisition of property (Omitted)

  Saving of Certain Laws

  • Article 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.

  • Article 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

  • Article 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles

  • Article 31D: Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities (Omitted)

  Right to Constitutional Remedies

  • Article 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part

  • Article 32A: Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32 (Omitted)

  • Article 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.

  • Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area

  • Article 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part

PART IV

Directive Principles of State Policy

ARTICLES 36 TO 51

• Article 36: Definition

• Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part

• Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people

• Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State

• Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid

• Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats

• Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases

• Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

• Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers

• Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries

• Article 43B: Promotion of co-operative societies

• Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens

• Article 45: Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years

• Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections

• Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health

• Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry

• Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life

• Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance

• Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive

• Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security

PART IVA

Fundamental Duties

ARTICLE 51A

• Article 51A: Fundamental duties

PART V

The Union

CHAPTER 1 - THE EXECUTIVE

ARTICLES 52 TO 151

• Article 52: The President of India

• Article 53: Executive Power of the Union

• Article 54: Election of President

• Article 55: Manner of election of President

• Article 56: Term of office of President

• Article 57: Eligibility for re-election

• Article 58: Qualifications for election as President

• Article 59: Conditions of President’s office

• Article 60: Oath or affirmation by the President

• Article 61: Procedure for impeachment of the President

• Article 62: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy

• Article 63: The Vice-President of India

• Article 64: The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States

• Article 65: The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President

• Article 66: Election of Vice-President

• Article 67: Term of office of Vice-President

• Article 68: Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy

• Article 69: Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President

• Article 70: Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies

• Article 71: Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President

• Article 72: Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases

• Article 73: Extent of executive power of the Union

• Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

• Article 75: Other provisions as to Ministers

• Article 76: Attorney-General for India

• Article 77: Conduct of business of the Government of India

• Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc

CHAPTER 2 - PARLIAMENT

• Article 79: Constitution of Parliament

• Article 80: Composition of the Council of States

• Article 81: Composition of the House of the People

• Article 82: Readjustment after each census

• Article 83: Duration of Houses of Parliament

• Article 84: Qualification for membership of Parliament

• Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution

• Article 86: Right of President to address and send messages to Houses

• Article 87: Special address by the President

• Article 88: Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses

• Article 89: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States

• Article 90: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman

• Article 91: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman

• Article 92: The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 93: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People

• Article 94: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 95: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker

• Article 96: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 97: Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 98: Secretariat of Parliament

• Article 99: Oath or affirmation by members

• Article 100: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

• Article 101: Vacation of seats

• Article 102: Disqualifications for membership

• Article 103: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

• Article 104: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified

• Article 105: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof

• Article 106: Salaries and allowances of members

• Article 107: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

• Article 108: Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

• Article 109: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

• Article 110: Definition of “Money Bills”

• Article 111: Assent to Bills

• Article 112: Annual financial statement

• Article 113: Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates

• Article 114: Appropriation Bills

• Article 115: Supplementary, additional or excess grants

• Article 116: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

• Article 117: Special provisions as to financial Bills

• Article 118: Rules of procedure

• Article 119: Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business

• Article 120: Language to be used in Parliament

• Article 121: Restriction on discussion in Parliament

• Article 122: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

CHAPTER 3 - Legislative Powers of the President

• Article 123: Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament

Chapter IV.—The Union Judiciary

• Article 124: Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court

• Article 125: Salaries, etc., of Judges

• Article 126: Appointment of acting Chief Justice

• Article 127: Appointment of ad hoc Judges

• Article 128: Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court

• Article 129: Supreme Court to be a court of record

• Article 130: Seat of Supreme Court

• Article 131: Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

• Article 132: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases

• Article 133: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters

• Article 134: Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters

• Article 134A: Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court

• Article 135: Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court

• Article 136: Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court

• Article 137: Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court

• Article 138: Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

• Article 139: Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs

• Article 139A: Transfer of certain cases

• Article 140: Ancillary powers of Supreme Court

• Article 141: Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts

• Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.

• Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court

• Article 144: Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court

• Article 145: Rules of Court, etc.

• Article 146: Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court

• Article 147: Interpretation

CHAPTER 5 - Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

• Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

• Article 149: Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General

• Article 150: Form of accounts of the Union and of the States

• Article 151: Audit reports

PART VI

The States

ARTICLES 152 TO 237

Chapter I.—General

• Article 152: Definition

  Chapter II.—The Executive

• Article 153: Governors of States

• Article 154: Executive power of State

• Article 155: Appointment of Governor

• Article 156: Term of office of Governor

• Article 157: Qualifications for appointment as Governor

• Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s office

• Article 159: Oath or affirmation by the Governor

• Article 160: Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies

• Article 161: Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases

• Article 162: Extent of executive power of State

• Article 163: Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor

• Article 164: Other provisions as to Ministers

• Article 165: Advocate-General for the State

• Article 166: Conduct of business of the Government of a State

• Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

  Chapter III.—The State Legislature

• Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in States

• Article 169: Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States

• Article 170: Composition of the Legislative Assemblies

• Article 171: Composition of the Legislative Councils

• Article 172: Duration of State Legislatures

• Article 173: Qualification for membership of the State Legislature

• Article 174: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution

• Article 175: Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses

• Article 176: Special address by the Governor

• Article 177: Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses

• Article 178: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

• Article 179: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

• Article 180: Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker

• Article 181: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 182: The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council

• Article 183: Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman

• Article 184: Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman

• Article 185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration

• Article 186: Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman

• Article 187: Secretariat of State Legislature

• Article 188: Oath or affirmation by members

• Article 189: Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

• Article 190: Vacation of seats

• Article 191: Disqualifications for membership

• Article 192: Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

• Article 193: Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified

• Article 194: Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof

• Article 195: Salaries and allowances of members

• Article 196: Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

• Article 197: Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills

• Article 198: Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

• Article 199: Definition of “Money Bills”

• Article 200: Assent to Bills

• Article 201: Bills reserved for consideration

• Article 202: Annual financial statement

• Article 203: Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates

• Article 204: Appropriation Bills

• Article 205: Supplementary, additional or excess grants

• Article 206: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

• Article 207: Special provisions as to financial Bills

• Article 208: Rules of procedure

• Article 209: Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business

• Article 210: Language to be used in the Legislature

• Article 211: Restriction on discussion in the Legislature

• Article 212: Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

  Chapter IV.—Legislative Power of the Governor

  Article 213: Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

  Chapter V.—The High Courts in the States

• Article 214: High Courts for States

• Article 215: High Courts to be courts of record

• Article 216: Constitution of High Courts

• Article 217: Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

• Article 218: Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts

• Article 219: Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts

• Article 220: Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge

• Article 221: Salaries, etc., of Judges

• Article 222: Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another

• Article 223: Appointment of acting Chief Justice

• Article 224: Appointment of additional and acting Judges

• Article 224A: Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts

• Article 225: Jurisdiction of existing High Courts

• Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

• Article 227: Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court

• Article 228: Transfer of certain cases to High Court

• Article 229: Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts

• Article 230: Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories

• Article 231: Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

Chapter VI.—Subordinate Courts

• Article 233: Appointment of district judges

• Article 233A: Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges

• Article 234: Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service

• Article 235: Control over subordinate courts

• Article 236: Interpretation

• Article 237: Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates

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